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Third World Ocean Assessment
Section 1: Overall summary
Section 2: Approach to the assessment
Section 3: A global overview of ocean governance
Section 4: Changes since WOA 2
Chapter 1: Drivers
Chapter 2: Scientific understanding
Chapter 3: Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
Chapter 4: Biodiversity
Subchapter 4a: Plankton
Subchapter 4b: Cephalopods
Subchapter 4c: Marine benthic invertebrates
Subchapter 4d: Fishes
Subchapter 4e: Marine mammals
Subchapter 4f: Marine reptiles
Subchapter 4g: Seabirds
Subchapter 4h: Marine plants
Subchapter 4i: Macroalgae not including phytoplankton
Chapter 5: Habitats
Subchapter 5a: Intertidal zone
Subchapter 5b: Biogenic reefs and sandy, muddy and rocky shore substrates
Subchapter 5c: Atoll and island lagoons
Subchapter 5d: Tropical and subtropical coral reefs
Subchapter 5e: Cold water corals and sponges
Subchapter 5f: Estuaries and deltas
Subchapter 5g: Seagrass meadows
Subchapter 5h: Mangroves
Subchapter 5i: Salt marshes
Subchapter 5j: Continental slopes and submarine canyons
Subchapter 5k: High-latitude ice
Subchapter 5l: Seamounts and pinnacles
Subchapter 5m: Abyssal plains
Subchapter 5n: Pelagic domain
Subchapter 5o: Ridges, plateaus and trenches
Subchapter 5p: Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Subchapter 5q: Sargasso Sea
Subchapter 5r: Fjord systems
Chapter 6: Pressures
Subchapter 6a: Invasive species
Subchapter 6b: Erosion and sedimentation
Subchapter 6c: Marine infrastructure outside of coastal areas
Subchapter 6d: Cumulative effects
Subchapter 6e: Pollution
Section 5: Socioecological systems
Subsection 5a: A sustainable and inclusive ocean economy
Chapter 1: Food Systems
Subchapter 1a: Medium and large-scale fishing
Subchapter 1b: Small-scale fishing including subsistence fishing
Subchapter 1c: Medium and large-scale aquaculture
Subchapter 1d: Small-scale aquaculture
Subchapter 1e: Seafood processing
Subchapter 1f: Trade
Chapter 2: Recreational fishing
Chapter 3: Energy
Subchapter 3a: Offshore renewables
Subchapter 3b: Offshore hydrocarbons
Chapter 4: Tourism
Chapter 5: Use of genetic resources and biotechnology
Chapter 6: Shipping
Chapter 7: Mineral resources
Chapter 8: Desalination and salt production (liquid salt)
Chapter 9: Coastal development
Chapter 10: Geoengineering
Section 5b: One Health
Chapter 1: The role of ecosystems in the carbon cycle
Chapter 2: The ocean and human health
Chapter 3: Human well-being
Chapter 4: Ocean hazards of natural origin
Chapter 5: Equity, justice and human rights in the ocean
Chapter 6: Gender
Chapter 7: Pandemics including COVID-19 Impacts
Chapter 8: Indigenous, Traditional owner and Local community Knowledge
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WOA 3 Explainer Video
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Third World Ocean Assessment
Section 1: Overall summary
Section 2: Approach to the assessment
Section 3: A global overview of ocean governance
Section 4: Changes since WOA 2
Chapter 1: Drivers
Chapter 2: Scientific understanding
Chapter 3: Trends in the physical and chemical state of the ocean
Chapter 4: Biodiversity
Subchapter 4a: Plankton
Subchapter 4b: Cephalopods
Subchapter 4c: Marine benthic invertebrates
Subchapter 4d: Fishes
Subchapter 4e: Marine mammals
Subchapter 4f: Marine reptiles
Subchapter 4g: Seabirds
Subchapter 4h: Marine plants
Subchapter 4i: Macroalgae not including phytoplankton
Chapter 5: Habitats
Subchapter 5a: Intertidal zone
Subchapter 5b: Biogenic reefs and sandy, muddy and rocky shore substrates
Subchapter 5c: Atoll and island lagoons
Subchapter 5d: Tropical and subtropical coral reefs
Subchapter 5e: Cold water corals and sponges
Subchapter 5f: Estuaries and deltas
Subchapter 5g: Seagrass meadows
Subchapter 5h: Mangroves
Subchapter 5i: Salt marshes
Subchapter 5j: Continental slopes and submarine canyons
Subchapter 5k: High-latitude ice
Subchapter 5l: Seamounts and pinnacles
Subchapter 5m: Abyssal plains
Subchapter 5n: Pelagic domain
Subchapter 5o: Ridges, plateaus and trenches
Subchapter 5p: Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
Subchapter 5q: Sargasso Sea
Subchapter 5r: Fjord systems
Chapter 6: Pressures
Subchapter 6a: Invasive species
Subchapter 6b: Erosion and sedimentation
Subchapter 6c: Marine infrastructure outside of coastal areas
Subchapter 6d: Cumulative effects
Subchapter 6e: Pollution
Section 5: Socioecological systems
Subsection 5a: A sustainable and inclusive ocean economy
Chapter 1: Food Systems
Subchapter 1a: Medium and large-scale fishing
Subchapter 1b: Small-scale fishing including subsistence fishing
Subchapter 1c: Medium and large-scale aquaculture
Subchapter 1d: Small-scale aquaculture
Subchapter 1e: Seafood processing
Subchapter 1f: Trade
Chapter 2: Recreational fishing
Chapter 3: Energy
Subchapter 3a: Offshore renewables
Subchapter 3b: Offshore hydrocarbons
Chapter 4: Tourism
Chapter 5: Use of genetic resources and biotechnology
Chapter 6: Shipping
Chapter 7: Mineral resources
Chapter 8: Desalination and salt production (liquid salt)
Chapter 9: Coastal development
Chapter 10: Geoengineering
Section 5b: One Health
Chapter 1: The role of ecosystems in the carbon cycle
Chapter 2: The ocean and human health
Chapter 3: Human well-being
Chapter 4: Ocean hazards of natural origin
Chapter 5: Equity, justice and human rights in the ocean
Chapter 6: Gender
Chapter 7: Pandemics including COVID-19 Impacts
Chapter 8: Indigenous, Traditional owner and Local community Knowledge
Disclaimer
Media and resources
WOA 3 Explainer Video
Contact Us
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